Potato Onion And Tomato Based Project Reports

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The main advantages of dehydrated onions are that they are easy to store, being lighter in weight and smaller in bulk than fresh or other processed onions, they are cheap to pack compared with canned goods, they do not require refrigerated storage as do frozen onions and the contents of a container can be used some time after opening provided they are not rehydrated. The newest dehydration process appears to be a variation on the air-drying process and is based on the principle of vapour pressure differentials, using air circulated around the onions at relatively low temperatures to ‘sweat’ the water from the food. It is reported that this method of dehydration prevents a crust forming on the outside of the pieces of food and that the low temperatures have less effect on flavour, texture, colour and vitamin contents of onion than do the higher temperatures used in conventional hot air-drying methods.

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Potato flakes are some of the most important form of dehydrated potato products that can be used in different ways including substitution for fresh mashed potatoes. Unlike French fries and crisps whose consumption patterns and diversity is well established, little or no information can be obtained on flakes in Kenya. This study was, therefore designed to assess the diversity and characteristics of potato flakes in Nairobi and Nakuru, Kenya. Potato flakes diversity and characteristics were determined through a structured questionnaire administered to attendants in 148 retail outlets (supermarkets and shops) followed by sampling and laboratory analysis of the available brands. Of all supermarkets surveyed, only 3.4% stocked potato flakes. There were only 2 brands of flakes, one imported and another, local brand. The sales were reportedly low due to the high cost (55%) of the products, lack of public awareness of the product (35%) and inadequate supply (15%). The oil and moisture contents of potato flakes from supermarkets in Nairobi and Nakuru significantly (P<0.05) differed between the brands being generally lower in the imported brand compared to local brand, ranging from 0.13% to 0.32%. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in levels of sodium chloride with the maximum recorded being 2.11% in imported flakes. The moisture content ranged from 8.52% to 10.51% in local and 2 imported flakes brands, respectively. The sale of potato flakes can, however, be increased if the processors produced smaller unit weight packages that are more affordable and create awareness to the general public consumer.

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Bioethanol is fermentation alcohol, which refers to ethyl alcohol produced by microbial fermentation processes as opposed to synthetically ethanol from petrochemical sources. It is produced through distillation of fermented biomass. In general bioethanol can be extracted from every sort of carbohydrate material. The main cost element in bioethanol production is the feedstock. These can be divided into three main groups: sugary, starchy and lignocellulosic biomass. First generation feedstocks for bioethanol production primarily refer to plant biomass sources that are also sources of human and animal nutrition, namely cereal starches and sugar crops. Sucrose based materials are predominantly derived from sugarcane and sugar beet; while starch based materials are predominantly derived from cereal crops such as maize, wheat and other cereals. Second generation raw materials for bioethanol production typically refer to non-food biomass sources, mainly lignocellulosic biomass. This represent the most abundant form of carbon on Earth, and encompasses two categories of feedstock’s: waste materials like straws, corn residues, wood chippings, forestry residues, spent grains, MSW, agricultural residues and Energy crops such as basket willow, switch grass, reed canary grass, ryegrass etc.

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The  term  marble is derived from the  latin  work  "MARMOR" which  itself comes from the Greek root "MARMAROS" meaning  these by  a  shining  stone.  In ancient times, any  stone  capable  of taking polish, without any regard to its chemical composition was designated  as  marble.   Even the  serpentines,  alabaster,  and granites  was categorized as marble - if they could take  polish.  However,  in  course  of time, earth sciences  developed  a  more sophisticated  and accurate classification which  can  categories rocks on the basis of their birth-history.

The  marble industry in India has a chequered history.   The first marble stone in India was found in the Makrana of erstwhile Rajputana,   It  was  the  marble of Makrana  that  was  used  in fabulous monumental structure erected centuries ago in India  and elsewhere.   The  world-famous Taj Mahal at  Agra,  the  Victoria Memorial  at  Kolkata and Jaswant Memorial at Jodhpur  bear  the testimony to the marble supplied from Makrana.  The  construction viability  of marble stone has been proved beyond doubt as  these structures  have  weathered the vagaries of climate  through  the centuries.

Gone  are the days when marble was considered to be an  item of  luxury and used only in palaces, temples, mosques  and  other prestigious  buildings.  It is now extensively used  in  ordinary buildings,  in  drawing  rooms,  dining  rooms,  bath  rooms  and kitchens.   Central Public Works Department has specified  marble to be used in the Kitchen Platform of even staff quarters.

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Dietary supplement, any vitamin, mineral, herbal product, or other ingestible preparation that is added to the diet to benefit health.

Omega-3 fatty acid pills are an example of a dietary supplement.

Dietary supplements are used worldwide and represent a broad category of ingestible products that are distinguishable from conventional foods and drugs. In the United States, dietary supplements are defined as products (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that contain at least one of the following ingredients: vitamin, mineral, herb or botanical (including extracts of herbs or botanicals), amino acid, metabolite, or any combination thereof. In short, products such as multivitamins, garlic tablets, fish oil capsules, probiotics, natural weight-loss aids, and certain types of energy drinks are examples of dietary supplements.

Nutritional supplement, in foods, any vitamin or mineral added during processing to improve nutritive value and sometimes to provide specific nutrients in which populations are deficient. Flour and bread products are often enriched with iron and the B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin; and citrus-fruit beverages, naturally containing vitamin C, may be fortified with additional vitamin C units. Addition of iodine to salt has eliminated goitre in some areas in which it was formerly common; and vitamin D may be added to baby foods to combat rickets.

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Doors, windows and ventilators are essential component of all types of buildings - residential, commercial and  industrial. House building has been a need and beautifying the buildings  has been a love for mankind from the time immemorial. Doors are  used for  providing entrances from outside into the building  and  for inter  room  connections  for  easy  approach.  Ventilators   are provided  for  sun rays and light, into the dwelling  houses,  in sufficient  quantity  windows  play larger roles  in  the  entire building  construction  for enhancing the utility of  the  house. Windows  are  provided  in  building walls in  as  many  nos.  as possible. This is so because windows serve in a lot  many  ways. Most  of  the  air passage takes places  through  these  windows. Similarly, light and sun get entry through windows quite freely. Windows  provide  cross  ventilation in  many  cases. 

Both   ferrous  and  non-ferrous  metals  are   useful   for manufacturing window frames. Metallic frames are mass-provided in engineering  industries  and provide open gaps for  fixing  glass panes of various sizes to make it transparent. Securing the glass in the metal window frame is termes as glazing with the aid of strips  of metal or timber and putty. The glass pieces are fixed with various techniques to the metallic window frames e.g. fixing single  units, fixing composite units etc. Normal conditions  are observed while fixing and glazing.

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Tomato Chips & Wafers Project Reports

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